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It could be mineral build up from hard water, salts from fertilizer or a fungus in the soil. I would buy some fresh potting soil, completely wash as much soil from the roots of your plants as possible and repot in fresh soil. Is there any crusty buildup along the edge of the pots? That's usually a sign of salt/mineral build, up I think.
I am by no expert so hopefully one of the pro's will be along soon and see your post and have some good advice for you.
I too have used rainwater before. We don't have that white stuff that I could melt! LOL. We have well water that my plants seem to like. City water has so much chlorine and stuff in it that it has to sit for 24 hours or more so all those chemicals can dissipate, so I use well water.