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N-P-K Stands for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. Often seen on fertilizer packets or in gardening books, these are 3 primary nutrients for healthy plant growth.
These numbers represent the percentage of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (N-P-K) contained in fertilizer. Nitrogen (always the first number) is important to stimulate growth rate and to "green up" the foliage so that it can process nutrients more efficiently. Phosphorus, the middle number, stimulates root growth. And Potassium, the last number, stimulates flowering and fruiting.