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For ponds and aquariums, kH is an important measure of the alkalinity (also referred to as carbonate hardness) which affects the buffering capacity of the water (the ability to absorb and neutralize added acid without major changes to pH.) Hard water is usually well-buffered and soft water is usually less buffered.
To increase kH:
1) Add sodium bicarbonate (ordinary baking soda);
2) Add oxygen (such as through an air stone) to increase surface turbulance; or
3) Add commercially available products to increase buffering capacity
To lower kH:
1) Inject carbon dioxide (CO2);
2) Use reverse osmosis (RO) water; or
3) Add commercially available products to decrease buffering capacity.
